Sin in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Sin in The Scarlet Letter        Since the dawn of time people have read, studied and enjoyed books in which the hero or heroes fall from grace. No matter who those heroes are- the human race in The Bible,the demon prince Lestat in Anne Rices Vampire Chroniclesor a certain Thane of Cawdor in Macbeth- sin plays a greatpart in all of their downfalls and subsequent ressurections.And the three main characters in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter-Dimmesdale, Chillingsworth, and Hester Prynne- are no different.          All three characters are flung from the normal rolesthat inn has laid upon them- minister, housewife, doctor-into new roles- sinner, whore, and vengance crazed sadist.These new roles are not necessarily apparent to all in town.However, even though the townspeople do not know of thesinners, God does. And in Gods eyes, whose sin was greater?That, I cannot answer. But in this mere mortals opinion, the sin of Chillingsworth fa r outdid the sin of Dimmesdale or Hester Prynne, for Chillingsworths sin was sensation of revengeand one of secrecy. He was not driven by an anger at his ownsin, but by the sin of others. He used deception andmanipulation to make the intent of another miserable. He wasnot flung from societys view as if he were a dirty secretlike Hester was he was embraced by it. However, his sin didtake its toll.  He was disfigured horribly and became atwisted man, scarred by sin. He also was robbed of thepleasure of destroying Dimmesdale which was his reason forliving. He died shortly after Dimmesdale.          Hester Prynne, however, was the complete opposite of Chillingworth in that her sin gave her life, not destroyed it. She took her punishment and embraced it, using it to make herself not as a pathetic sinner, but as a pseudo-nonsuch. At first, the town shunned her as a sinner. However,after they saw that she was good, and her sin was of love,the same town embraced and loved her. Her sin drew her moredeeply into the society of Boston than she ever was before.And when her time to die came, she did so with honor. HesterPrynne - sinner and saint.     However, Hesters sin was shared. Whereas she was asinner on the outside and a saint on the inside, ArthurDimmesdale is the reverse, both literally and figuratively.

And Then There Were None by Christie Agatha Essay -- Vera and Lombard,

Vera felt as though it was only right to follow the poem. Every time somebody died or disappeared a little china take in would break or disappear but at the end Vera toke the last one standing with her as a token saying that they made it to the end. plot she was hanging herself the little figure broke, The little china figure fell from her hand. It rolled unneeded and broke against the fender (Christie 268). She also thought thats what Hugo precious her to because she was responsible for his nephew death.The antagonist of And Then there Were None is Judge Justice Wargrave. He was also known as Issac Morris to hide his real identity from in all the other characters. He was the judge of all of the characters cases and he found them guilty and thought it was right for them to die. He knew almost everything about all of the characters, how they would think, how they would react to plastered things, and some of the decisions they would make.Wargrave lead the characters to have both intimate and external conflicts. For example external conflicts They felt now like the people just awaking from a nightmare. There was danger, yes, but it was danger in daylight. That paralyzing atmosphere of fear that had wrapped them round like a blanket yesterday while the wind howled outside was kaput(p) (Christie 243). These people are so terrified they are not getting sleep, barely eating, and hardly talking. They are living they worst nightmare. Not only that Wargrave is cleaning people but he is also scaring the people that is alive more and more which is ca use them to have internal conflicts. For example Vera Claythorne ,the protagonist went through the deepest internal conflict What was that-hung from the hook in the ceiling? A rope with a noose ... ...why. They all did a crime and thought they got away with it.In stopping point Agatha Christie wrote this very popular novel called And Then There Were None , to teach the readers that free or not you are never free fr om justice. By using both external and internal conflicts with the characters, symbolism with the poem Ten Little Soldiersand the china figures both symbolizing each character and irony of Justice Wargrave. This guard is one of the reasons why Christie became the first grandmaster recognized by the mystery writers of AmericaWorks Cited Christie, Agatha. Literary Lifelines. 1998. Print. Christie, Agatha. And Then There Were None. New York Harper Collins Publishers, 1939. Print.Kunitz, Stanley J., ed. ordinal Century Authors. New York The H.W. Wilson Company, 1973. Print.Stade, George and Karen, Karbiener., eds. British Writers. 2003. Print

Great Depression Themes in 42nd Street :: essays research papers

Great Depression Themes in 42nd StreetSeen through a particular light and given specific occasions in the film, we outhouse see how 42nd Street echoes the general attitudes of the Great Depression. Particular characters in the film exemplify the wealthy citizens of the time, the common laborer, and Julian Marsh (Warner Baxter) portrays a life-force, Franklin Roosevelt, bringing hope along with his New Deal.Throughout the film, there is a dichotomy exhibited through the members of the production and the financiers, namely Abner Dillon. He represents the side of competitive capitalism, while the actors remain firm for a community. The actors identify with each other because they are all in the same(p) situation and each need the job to survive. Abner, on the other hand, has the gold to throw around whimsically, for the difficulties facing the nation do not have the devastating effect on the wealthy that they have on other classes. to a great extent times have fallen on the nation and they realize that it will pick up a group effort to pull themselves out of the Depression. While the rivalry is cut-throat and individualized off of the set, as we see with Dorothy Brachs arrangement with Abner Dillon, the sense of collectivity is emphasized on stage.Leading the march against the depression and maintaining the collective voice, is Julian Marsh. He can be equated with Franklin Roosevelt his work ethic can be seen as a reflection of the New Deal. As Roosevelt gave hope, optimism, and unity to the nation Marsh gives the same to the cast members of 42nd Street. Marsh fights for the actors because he is in the same situation as them, not exclusive of it like Abner. He is in poor health, and yet, he takes responsibility on seemingly, he cannot afford to pass up the job. He realizes that it is going to take a lot of hard work to make the utter a success (end the depression) so he works the actors night, day, and in-between. Marsh may seem like a slave driver, but t his is because he knows that it is going to take an immense amount of work for the show to go on. A key scene in the film is when Abner is going to pull out of the production, but Julian pleads for him not to. Obviously, we see that Julian is looking out for the interests of the hundreds of workers who need the show, while Abner is merely concerned with his own selfish desires.

Hills Like White Elephants :: Hills Like White Elephants Essays

Herodotus and Rhampsinitus and the pirate BY Layla Brown Herodotus, the first Greek historian, has been called by some "the father of history" and by others "the father of lies." Born in 485 B.C to a wealthy family at Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, he was exiled to Samos soon after his birth because of his familys opposition to the Persian domination of Ionia. During his youth, he traveled widely, analyse the manners, customs, and religions of the people he encountered. His histories are made up of tales told to him by people from Egypt, Syria, Babylon, Colchis, Paeonian and Macedonia. He was criticized by several ancient writers for creating stories and passing them off as the truth. Herodotus is to the highest degree famous for the nine books he wrote on the rise of the Persian Empire, the Persian invasion of Greece in 490 BC and 480 BC, and the final Greek victory. Although it received quite a lot of praise and is still considered a masterpiece, its trus bothrth iness has been questioned both in ancient and modern times. The story that Im covering is of Rhampsinitus and the Thief (pg. 277). This is a tale that Herodotus learned in Egypt and many believe that this anecdote was told to him by Egyptian priests, claiming it a true story. Herodotus, himself, didnt actually believe this busy story but he felt it was his duty to report what he was told. Now, for those of you who didnt read it, Ill quickly give a brief synopsis of the story. A dying father tells his 2 sons how to break into the kings vault, which he, himself, built. The father then dies, leaving the family with no way to support themselves. So the two sons begin their thieving. They manage to escape with the treasure three times before the king sets up a trap, in which one of the brothers gets caught. At his captured brothers urging, the other brother cuts his siblings head off, taking it with his, so the familys identity would not be known. The next day, the king was bewildered at the sight of a headless thief. He then ordered his sentries to hang the body on the outer wall and arrest anybody seen mourning the headless corpse. The two thieves mother, so absolutely distraught over the death of her son, threatens her surviving son, saying that if he didnt collect the his brothers body, she would turn him in herself.

An Annotation of Anne Bradstreets In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet :: Memory My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet

An Annotation of Anne Bradstreets In Memory of My estimable Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet This poem is a firsthand account of how Anne Bradstreet was feeling when she experienced the loss of her granddaughter, Elizabeth. Although Bradstreets attitude on Elizabeths death seems to reflect her belief in Gods plan, the diction suggests otherwise.In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being a Year and Half Oldby Anne Bradstreet 1 word of farewell dear babe, my hearts too much content,Farewell sweet babe, the pleasure of mine eye,Farewell fair flower that for a space was lent,Then taen away unto eternity.Blest babe, why should I once bewail thy fate,Or sigh thy days so soon were terminate,Sith thou art settled in an everlasting state.2By nature trees do rot when they are grown,And plums and apples thoroughly ripe do fall,And corn and grass are in their season mown,And time brings down what is both strong and tall.But plants new set to be eradica te,And buds new blown to have so short a date,Is by His hand alone that guides nature and fate.Bradstreet begins the poem by describing how she felt for her granddaughter, and this is seen in the way she describes Elizabeth as a babe and flower. In phrases such as my hearts too much content and the pleasure of mine eye, it is quite clear that she felt deeply for the little girl. It is apparent that a grandmother would be deeply saddened by the loss of her grandchild. However, the poem shifts focus from what Elizabeth meant to her grandmother to how Bradstreet sees this death. The repetition of farewell emphasizes the tragedy of the situation and solidifies the situation that she is gone. She continues to allege goodbye as though this little girl died before she should have. This declaration continues when Bradstreet describes her as a fair flower that for a space was lent. In utilize the word lent, it sounds as though the girl was robbed of the fullness of life and never had th e opportunity to live. But who decides who gets to live? God. What Bradstreet is really saying is that God didnt let her granddaughter live, and, resultantly, she is stain his decision as a mistake by complaining about it. This is not characteristic for one of such alleged concrete beliefs in God. The fact that Bradstreet mentions that she should not complain of the loss because she is in an everlasting state questions her religious sincerity.

An Annotation of Anne Bradstreets In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet :: Memory My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet

An Annotation of Anne Bradstreets In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet This poem is a firsthand greenback of how Anne Bradstreet was feeling when she experienced the loss of her granddaughter, Elizabeth. Al gibibytegh Bradstreets attitude on Elizabeths death seems to reflect her belief in Gods plan, the diction suggests otherwise.In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, beingness a Year and Half Oldby Anne Bradstreet 1Farewell dear babe, my hearts too much content,Farewell sweet babe, the pleasure of mine eye,Farewell fair roseola that for a space was lent,Then taen away unto eternity.Blest babe, why should I once bewail thy fate,Or sigh thy days so soon were terminate,Sith thou art settled in an everlasting state.2By nature trees do rot when they are grown,And plums and apples thoroughly ripe do fall,And corn and foraging are in their season mown,And time brings down what is both strong and tall.But plants new set to be era dicate,And buds new blown to have so short a date,Is by His hand alone that guides nature and fate.Bradstreet begins the poem by describing how she felt for her granddaughter, and this is seen in the way she describes Elizabeth as a babe and flower. In phrases such as my hearts too much content and the pleasure of mine eye, it is quite clear that she felt deeply for the little girl. It is obvious that a nanna would be deeply saddened by the loss of her grandchild. However, the poem shifts focus from what Elizabeth meant to her grandmother to how Bradstreet sees this death. The repetition of farewell emphasizes the tragedy of the situation and solidifies the fact that she is gone. She continues to say goodbye as though this little girl died before she should have. This declaration continues when Bradstreet describes her as a fair flower that for a space was lent. In using the word lent, it sounds as though the girl was robbed of the fullness of life and never had the opportunity to live. But who decides who gets to live? God. What Bradstreet is really saying is that God didnt let her granddaughter live, and, resultantly, she is marking his decision as a mistake by speak uping about it. This is not characteristic for one of such alleged concrete beliefs in God. The fact that Bradstreet mentions that she should not complain of the loss because she is in an everlasting state questions her religious sincerity.

Carrion by Baudelaire in Modern Period

The life of Charles Baudelaire does not fall exactly within the period when modern ardour dominated in art. Living between 1831 and 1867 Baudelaire caught only the rise of modernist tendencies in literature, and it can be observed that he played an important role in the development of modern style. His writings, which were pretty scandalous for the time obviously bear features of modern style. This paper aims to demonstrate how Baudelaire rhymes are related to modernism, using his poem Carrion as an example.The distinctive features of modernist art are its symbolic nature, profound personal approach and fancy forms of outside reflection, which can sometimes be even shocking. Logical ties inner(a) the artwork are unevident and every person is allowed to form own original opinion about it. An artwork a great deal represents a sort of transcendent form, and it often does not really mean that, what it appears to be at first sight. Combined with sharp contrasts this forms the identity of modern style .Applying the described principled to Baudelaires poesy it is firstly necessary to turn to symbolism. The poet actually described a rather disgusting thing a corpse of an animal rotting near the road. That what was a taboo for artists of previous epoch and would never be aesthetic for them is described by Baudelaire with some sickly passion The flies swarmed on the vulva, where The hordes of blackness wrestle The maggots like a river, on Those rags that seemed to live.But this caused him to start thinking of beauty and its fate and even compare his sweetheart to this rotting body And even you will bewilder to this, This horrible infection This is a perfect example of shocking expression of the artistic idea and unobvious ties, for further Baudelaire relates the dead body to the idea or eternal beauty, which will forever live in a spiritual world So tell them Tell the worms for me, The ones wholl kiss and eatThat I have kept your faith divine, My decomposing sweet Actually the idea, that bodily beauty is temporary and spiritual beauty surpasses the bodily one is not new. Baudelaires merit is not in the invention of idea, but in finding new forms for its expression. Perhaps the readers would be getting sleepy from the corpses rank perfume like a woman in the poem, after all, as in any modernist artwork, the reader is allowed to form a personal opinion.The poem is exclusively authors view of the world which a reader can get acquainted with. Such withdrawal from universalism in art and providing insights into own ideas is one of the key elements of modern art. Works cited 1. Bradbury, Malcolm, & James McFarlane (eds. ), contemporaneousness A Guide to European Literature 18901930 Penguin, Penguin Literary Criticism series, 1978 2. Charles Baudelaire. Carrion. Translated by C. S. Thompson. Available at http//www. noctiviganti. com/books_flowers_carrion. html

Kildress

We have developed provender waste profiles for 25 of our most frequently purchased food products. These profiles highlight the region of total food production wasted at every stage of the value chain. Below is a selection of these profiles and a summary of how we are tackling the food waste hotshots.Potatoes To reduce losings in the field and processing we are Reviewing waste alongside customer preferences when selecting different potato varieties using satellite and gossamer mapping technology to identify specific trends In lied losses Introducing new technology to remove stones earlier In processing to reduce suffering To help customers reduce food waste in the home we are reviewing opportunities for modified atmosphere packaging which could help the potatoes to last longer.Field losses 9%, process losses 6%, Retail waste 1%, Consumer waste 39% Illustration of potatoes Cheese To help reduce the amount of cheese our customers waste at home we have Introduced re-sellable packagin g on all British cheddar standardized the on-pack shelf life Information so that customers know, for example, that all soft and moody cheeses should be used within three days of opening Added recipes on our Real Food website to provide ways for customers to use up any oddment cheese Field losses 1%, Processing losses under 1%, Retail waste under 1%, Consumer waste Illustration of a cheese board Lamb transporting lamb to improve product quality and freshness. To increase shelf life for customers we are rolling out specialized packaging. This family tree has been successfully introduced for beef, giving customers up to an extra five days to consume the product, and we hope it will have a similar impact for lamb. Field losses 7%, Processing losses 13%, Retail waste 1%, Consumer waste 5% Illustration of lamb Within the scope of KEMP Alps limited self-assertion opinion see page 42 for more details. * Since we published our first five food waste profiles in October 2013, WRAP has publ ished revised menage food waste data which has been incorporated into our 25 food waste profiles.

My name is Khan Essay

My name is Khan is an Indian strike that revolved around the life of Rizwan Khan, a Muslim who suffered Aspergers Syndrome. Because of his problem in dealing with impertinently places, people, loud colors and sharp sounds, he was given special care by his mother and private tutoring by a scholar which led to green-eyed monster on part of his buddy. Khan was taught by his mother that there were completely two kinds of people in this world- the good and the bad. After her mother died, Rizwan moved to San Francisco and lived with his brother and sister-in-law.He was then employed by his brother as a sales man for Mehnaz Herbal Beauty Products. While working, he met and fell in turn in with Mandira, a divorced Hindu hairdresser who has a 6- year old countersign called Sam. After Khan showed a place that hasnt been seen beforehand by Mandira, they married and settle down in Banville even against the will of his brother. It was considered blasphemy, according to Rizwans brother, to marry a Hindu. Mandira and Sam took Rizwans surname. Everything seemed to be stainless for the family when the 9/11 attack happened in New York City and shattered the lives of the Khans.The Khan family, as well as the other Muslims, began to experience discrimination, harassments and hate crimes from the American community. Mandira had to close her job Rizvans sister-in-law was attacked for she was wearing a scarf Sam experienced bullying and his best friend turned away from him. He got into a fight with few school kids for they were blaming him as a terrorist and was beaten to death. Mandira blamed Rizwans surname for Sams tragic death. She banished him and told him not to return until he tells the U. S electric chair that even though he is a Muslim, he is not a terrorist.Rizwan then started a long and lonely journey crosswise America to tell the President of the USA My name is Khan and I am not a terrorist. Along his journey, he met Mama Jenny and her son Joel, helped them whe n a hurricane hit the place they lived, was arrested by the police after been mistaken as a terrorist in a crowd and was stabbed by one of the followers of a man he reported in the authority after overhearing his violent rhetoric. Amidst the obstacles he underwent, he was able to meet the president, and told him My name is Khan and I am not a terrorist. The film concluded with Mandira and Rizwan going home.Conventionally, real man should be tough and should not show emotions. But seeing the film My Name is Khan, my heart of stone trembled and I caught myself teary-eyed. I was greatly impressed of Rizvans special ability to repair mechanical things particularly when the young Rizwan make an alternative pump to drive the water out from his teachers house and how he can repair almost everything. I was inspired by how Rizwan overcome his limitation as an autistic man in order to journey on across the different states of America just to meet the president of the USA.I was saddened by ho w discrimination can tear a family apart how it can bring damage to the oppressed party especially when discrimination is to be blamed for a death of a loved one. No matter what, Rizwans life brought happiness to us and proved that every cloud will always have its silver lining. Faithfulness is the one of the values I have learned in this movie. Rizvans strong faith to Allah never waived amidst the disfavor against Muslim by the American community. Prayer should never depend upon the place or the people. It should depend upon your belief, s serve Rizvan.Second is respectfulness not only to the people, still also to ones own religion. Mandira and Rizvan respect one anothers religion. They gave each other space to perform their own beliefs. ternary is selflesness. Rizvan rushed to Georgia in the middle of hurricane to help Mama Jenny who once sheltered him. His act of kindness moved the world and brought volunteers to Georgia to aid the victims of the hurricane. Fourth is humility. Rizvan never failed to remain humble. When he was ill- treated in the airport, he did not complain. When he was released from being detained, he did not despise the people who jail him.When Mandira asked him to leave, he did not question. Instead he only asked when he can return. Lastly, Rizvan taught me the essence of love. It wasnt anger or hatred that helped Rizvan succeed in his journey, it was his love for his family and of Allah. It was also love that helped Rizvan and Mandira moved on after the death of Sam. After watching the film, I can say that media took a big role in cultivating the minds of the people to look Muslims as a violent people and Islam as a violent religion using the issues concerning them like the 9/11 attack. whizz statement from the media can greatly affect the perception of the people towards the issue. We tend to focus on the negative sides of the Muslim and discriminate them. What we dont bed is the brighter side of them, their irrevocable love for A llah and central fares that does not advocate violence and promote peace. Then what about the Muslim terrorists and their actions? For me, they did inhumane acts not for their religion but for their own selfish motives, not religiously but politically. But what happened was that media took blame on their religion and their teachings.I cant blame the media totally since this practice of blaming is even practice by our society and families. It became traditional that changing it will be difficult and will take a longer time. For example, someone extract a crime. Our society will not blame you totally but also your family, your background, and your religion. Moreover, My Name is Khan taught us that differences in religions cannot hinder two persons in love to have a successful marriage and peaceful living. We may have different names for our God, but all of them have one in common- they all symbolize love.

Brisson Company Case Study

Case 19-3 Brisson Company Approach This problem takes the student through a complete cycle of proceedings in a pattern exist system in a simple setting. It shows how such a system works, including the development of variances, and ties cost explanation to the accounting cycle the student learned in Part 1 of the book. (Brissons system is the same as the one depicted in Illustration 19-2. ) This seems to be a valuable exercise, especially in helping to minimize the omnipresent problems students have with production cost variance analysis in the next chapter.If not assigned for class, this makes a good exam case. (For ease in grading, I suggest you prepare forms with all needed T accounts preprinted on them. ) Question 1 Materials Inventory Work in Process Inventory Bal. 50,250 (4) 118,810 Bal. 75,600 (9) 267,684 (2) 104,980 36,420 (4) 116,696 Bal. 36,420 (5a,8) 79,200 (8) 99,000 102,812 Finished Goods Inventory Bal. 102,812 Bal. 155,400 (10b) 232,602 (9) 267,684 190,482 Bal. 190,482 Accounts collectable All Other Assets (3a) 102,300 Bal. 104,700 Bal. 325,500 (3a) 102,300 (2) 103,535 (3b) 192,000 (3b) 192,000 143,435 (6) 37,500 (10a) 375,150 (5b) 116,700 Bal. 143,435 (6) 18,300 (7) 78,750 All Other Liabilities 384,600 Bal. 47,250 Bal. 384,600 Overhead Wages Payable (5a) 40,500 (8) 99,000 (5b) 116,700 Bal. 6,150 (6) 55,800 2,250 (5a) 112,800 (11) 2,700 Bal. 2,250 Overhead Variance Shareholders Equity (14) 2,700 (11) 2,700 Bal. 448,650 521,379 (19) 72,729 Bal. 521,379 Labor Variance Material Price Variance (16) 6,900 (5a,8) 6,900 (15) 1,445 (2) 1,445 Sales Material Usage Variance (12) 375,150 (10a) 375,150 (4) 2,114 (17) 2,114 Selling and Admin. Expense Income sum-up (7) 78,750 (18) 78,750 (13) 232,602 (12) 375,150 (17) 2,114 (14) 2,700 (18) 78,750 (15) 1,445 salute of Sales (19) 72,729 (16) 6,900 (10b) 232,602 (13) 232,602 Notes on entries (numbered to correspond to the case transactions) (2) 2,500 $29. 80 + 1,000 $30. 48 = $104,980 std. $104,980 $103,535 = $1,445 credit (favorable) price variance. Favorable price variances often arise in the get-go half of the year the standard is set to represent the annual average, and with inflation, prices will tend to be below this average for the first 6 months and above it in the latter half f the year. (3b)The debit reflects an increase in Cash the credit represents the decrease in Accounts Receivable. (3) 3,200 $29. 80 + 700 $30. 48 = $116,696 for original issues plus unnecessary (replacement) issues as follows 100 $12. 37 + 20 $11. 25 + 45 $10. 80 + 20 $6. 63 + 4 $8. 43 = $2,114 (an (4) unfavorable usage variance) giving radical issues of $118,810. (Note Some students may claim that the $2,114 in extra materials issues were to replace materials that were defectiv e, as opposed to replacing good items that were spoiled in the production places.Such students may allot this $2,114 as an overhead cost if so, they will have $0 material usage variance and $586 favorable overhead variance. ) (5a)This entry stumps many students, at least temporarily. Some will cleverly set up a labor clearing account analogous to the overhead clearing account, and then charge the standard labor to this account at entry (8) the balance in this labor clearing account will be $6,900 dr. , which is closed to Labor Variance. Other students will do what Ive done hereread ahead to entry (8), and deduce the labor variance as part of the entry. 9)3,000 $70. 30 + 800 $70. 98 = $267,684 (10b)2,400 $70. 30 + 900 $70. 98 = $232,602 cost of sales (11)This closes the overhead clearing account. (12)-(19) These entries close the temporary accounts and income summary. Question 2 BRISSON COMPANY Income Statement Month of April Sales revenue $375,150 Cost of sales standard 232,60 2 Standard gross margin 142,548 Production cost variances* 8,931 Actual gross margin 151,479 Selling and administrative expense 78,750 Income $ 72,729 *Production cost variances Martial price $1,445F Material usage 2,114U Labor 6,900F Overhead 2,700F $8,931F Question 3 BRISSON COMPANY Balance Sheet As of April 30 Assets Liabilities and Shareholders Equity Materials ancestry $ 36,420 Accounts payable $143,435 Work in process inventory 102,812 Wages payable 2,250 Finished goods inventory 190,482 All other liabilities 47,250 All other asses 384,600 Shareholders equity 521,379 $714,314 $714,314

The Impact of Wach Tv Children

Title -The Impact of observation boob tube for Children The Case of Children bring ining telly in Ethiopia Chapter One 1. Introduction 1. 1 Back Ground tv (TV) has its good side. It rear be entertaining and educational, and can open up new worlds for kids, giving them a chance to travel the globe, learn to the highest degree diametric cultures, and gain exposure to ideas they may never encounter in their own community. Shows with a prosaic altogethery message can aim a positive achievement on kids behavior programs with positive role models can influence viewers to make positive lifestyle changes.However, the reverse can also be authoritative Kids atomic number 18 likely to learn things from TV that p bents dont want them to learn. TV can affect kids health, behavior and family life in negative ways. Whether good or bad, tv set has frame its way into the lives of passel all all over the world and it an important part of life for many. Some consider it to be a great invention while others say that it harms people and society. Here is a summary of those thoughts. Television is very much the main or only source of information ab prohibited(predicate) original events and biased or inadequate reporting can deliver inaccurate or misleading information and opinion.Ethiopian Television was established in 1964 with assistance from the British firm, Thomson. It was created to highlight the Organization of African Unity (OAU) meeting that took place in Addis Ababa that same year. Color tv broadcast began in 1982 in commemoration of the basis of Workers Party of Ethiopia (WPE). The current structure and goals of ETV were established 1987 with Proclamation This research may see general and specific ara of in Addis Ababa, children see television that its impact.The television and channel clients are increasing every day around the city so, we look at to the advantage and disadvantages in the children see tv. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem In recent years, TV, video and DVD programs have come on the marketand now even a strain channel for children. We dont know yet what operation TV-viewing by children may have on their development. We do know that clock period spent watching TV replaces time spent interacting with caregivers and other children. Social fundamental interaction is critical to a childs healthy affected.A great deal is known most children and television, be fount there have been thousands of studies on the subject. Research has studied how TV affects kids quiescence, weight, grades, behavior, and much. Spending time watching TV can take time away from healthy activities like active play outside with friends, eating dinner together as a family, or reading. TV time also takes away from participating in sports, music, art or other activities that require practice to become skillful. Children can be exposed to programming that is not appropriate for their age.Adult themes of hinge upon and fury are far too eas ily accessed and they destroy the innocence of children. Adults frequently dangle many hours each day watching television to the detriment of work or family life. 1. 3 Objectives This research goal to show the impact of watching TV children among the cultural, society and school life in Addis Ababa. To show the problem and recommend the way of protecting and minimizing the problem through awareness of the research. How big a straw man is TV in kids lives? * TV viewing among kids is at an eight-year high.On average, children ages 2-5 spend 32 hours a week in front of a TVwatching television, DVDs, DVR and videos, and using a game console. Kids ages 6-11 spend about 28 hours a week in front of the TV. The vast majority of this viewing (97%) is of live TV 1. * 71% of 8- to 18-year-olds have a TV in their bedroom 1a 54% have a DVD/VCR player, 37% have cable/satellite TV, and 20% have premium channels 2. * Media technology now offers much ways to access TV content, much(prenominal) as on the profit, cell phones and iPods.This has led to an maturation in time spent viewing TV, even as TV-set viewing has declined. 41% of TV-viewing is now online, time-shifted, DVD or mobile 2a. * In about deuce-thirds of households, the TV is usually on during meals 3. * In 53% of households of 7th- to 12th-graders, there are no rules about TV watching 4. * In 51% of households, the TV is on some of the time 5. * Kids with a TV in their bedroom spend an average of almost 1. 5 hours to a greater extent per day watching TV than kids without a TV in the bedroom. * galore(postnominal) parents encourage their toddlers to watch television. Find out much about TV in the lives of children ages zero to six. * Find out more about media in the lives of 8- to 18-year olds. As you can see, if your child is typical, TV is playing a very big role in their life. Here are some draw research findings to keep in mind as you decide what kind of role you want TV to play in your family * TV view ing is believably replacing activities in your child s life that you would rather have them do (things like playing with friends 6 , universe physically active, getting fresh air, reading, playing imaginatively, doing cookery 7, doing chores). Kids who spend more time watching TV (both with and without parents and siblings present) spend less time interacting with family members. 8 * Excessive TV viewing can contribute to poor grades 8a, sleep problems, behavior problems, obesity, and jeopardizey behavior. * Most childrens programming does not teach what parents say they want their children to learn many shows are filled with stereotypes, lashing solutions to problems, and destine behavior. * Advertisers target kids, and on average, children see tens of thousands of TV technicals each year 9. This includes many ads for unhealthy snack nourishments and drinks.Children and youth see, on average, about 2,000 beer and wine ads on TV each year 10. * Kids see favorite characters grass, drunkenness, and involved in sexual situations and other risky behaviors in the shows and movies they watch on TV. * More on how television viewing affects children. * For more detailed information on these and other issues, read on. Does TV affect childrens brain development? With television programsand even a cable channeldesigned and marketed specifically for babies, whether kids under two years of age should be watching becomes an important question. temporary hookup we are learning more all the time about aboriginal brain development, we do not yet have a clear idea how television may affect it. Some studies bind early TV viewing with later attention problems, such as ADHD. However, other experts disagree with these results. One study found that TV viewing forward age three slightly hurt several measures of later cognitive development, but that among ages three and five it slightly servinged reading scores 11. The American honorary society of Pediatrics takes a bet ter-safe-than-sorry stance on TV for young children 12. It may be tempting to put your infant or toddler in front of the television, especially to watch shows created just for children under age two. But the American Academy of Pediatrics says Dont do it These early years are essential in a childs development. The Academy is concerned about the impact of television programming intended for children younger than age two and how it could affect your childs development. Pediatricians strongly fence targeted programming, especially when its used to market toys, games, dolls, unhealthy food and other products to toddlers.Any positive effect of television on infants and toddlers is still open to question, but the benefits of parent-child interactions are proven. at a lower place age two, talking, singing, reading, listening to music or playing are far more important to a childs development than any TV show. In addition, TV can discourage and replace reading. Reading requires much more thinking than television, and we know that reading fosters young peoples healthy brain development. Kids from families that have the TV on a lot spend less time reading and being read to, and are less likely to be able to read 13.What about TV and aggressive or angry behavior? Literally thousands of studies since the 1950s have asked whether there is a link between exposure to media violence and violent behavior. All but 18 have answered, Yes. The evidence from the research is overwhelming. tally to the AAP, Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed. 14 watch violent shows is also conjugate with having less empathy toward others 14a. An average American child will see 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 murders on TV by age 18 15. * Two-thirds of all programming contains violence 16. * Programs designed for children more oft contain violence than adult TV 17. * Most violent acts go unpunished on TV and are often accompanied by humor. The consequences of human suffering and loss are rarely geted. * Many shows romanticize violence. TV often promotes violent acts as a fun and effective way to get what you want, without consequences 18. Even in G-rated, animated movies and DVDs, violence is commonoften as a way for the good characters to solve their problems. Every single U. S. animated feature film produced between 1937and 1999 contained violence, and the amount of violence with intent to ill-use has increased over the years 19. * Even good guys beating up bad guys gives a message that violence is normal and okay. Many children will try on to be like their good guy heroes in their play. * Children imitate the violence they see on TV.Children under age eight cannot tell the difference between reality and fantasy, making them more vulnerable to learning from and adopting as reality the violence they see on TV 20. * Repeated exposure to TV violence makes children less sensitive toward its effects on victims and the human suffering it causes. * A University of Michigan researcher demonstrated that watching violent media can affect willingness to help others in need 20a. Read about the study here Comfortably Numb Desensitizing effectuate of Violent Media on Helping Others. Viewing TV violence reduces inhibitions and leads to more aggressive behavior. * Watching television violence can have long-term effects * A 15-year-long study by University of Michigan researchers found that the link between childhood TV-violence viewing and aggressive and violent behavior persists into adulthood 21. * A 17-year-long study found that juvenileaged boys who grew up watching more TV each day are more likely to commit acts of violence than those who watched less 22. * Even having the TV on in the home is linked to more aggressive behavior in 3-year-olds.This was regardless of the type of programming and regardless of whether the child was actually watching the TV 23. What parents can do * According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, media education can help kids become less susceptible to the bad effects of watching violent TV. Some studies have shown that kids who received media education had less violent behavior after watching violent programs. Teach your kids to be media savvy. Find out more about media literacy. * Watch with your kids, so if the programming turns violent, you can discuss what happened to put it in a context you want your kids to learn. Know what your kids are watching. Decide what programs are appropriate for their age and personality, and outwit to your rules. * To minimize peer pressure to watch violent shows, you may want to talk to the parents of your childs friends and agree to similar rules. * Visit YourChild Managing Television Tips for Your Family for more ideas. For more on TV violence and kids * Key Facts TV Violencea report from the Kaiser Family Foundation. * A 1993 summary of some of the research on TV violence and behavior. * Television Violence Content, Context, and Consequences. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS). * Television Violence A Review of the Effects on Children of Different Agesa 1995 70-page report and recap of the literature. * Violence in the MediaPsychologists Help Protect Children from Harmful Effects Decades of psychological research confirms that media violence can increase aggression. * Comfortably Numb Desensitizing Effects of Violent Media on Helping OthersThis study by a University of Michigan researcher demonstrates that watching violent media can affect willingness to help others in need. correlative Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children Congressional Public Health Summita parameter of the American Academy of Pediatrics, American. Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychological Association, American Medical Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Psy chiatric Association. Can TV scare or appal kids? Children can come to view the world as a mean and alarming place when they take violence and other disturbing themes on TV to be accurate in real life. Symptoms of being frightened or upset by TV stories can include bad dreams, anxious feelings, being afraid of being alone, withdrawing from friends, and missing school. * Fears caused by TV can cause sleep problems in children 24. * Scary-looking things like grotesque monsters especially frighten children aged two to seven. Telling them that the images arent real does not help because kids under age eight cant always tell the difference between fantasy and reality. * Many children exposed to scary movies regret that they watched because of the intensity of their fright reactions. Children ages 8-12 years who view violence are often frightened that they may be a victim of violence or a natural disaster. * Violent threats shown on TV can cause school-aged kids (8-12) to feel fright and worry. When the threat is shown as news it creates stronger fears than when it is shown as fictional 25. How does watching television affect performance in school? * TV viewing may replace activities that we know help with school performance, such as reading, doing homework, act hobbies, and getting enough sleep. * One research study found that TVs effects on education were long term.The study found that watching TV as a child affected educational achievement at age 26. Watching more TV in childhood increased chances of dropping out of school and decreased chances of getting a college degree, even after authoritative for confounding calculates 26. * Watching TV at age four was one factor found to be associated with bullying in grade school 27. Can TV influence childrens attitudes toward themselves and others? Lets take a look at what kids see on TV, and how it can affect their beliefs about race and gender * Children learn to accept the stereotypes represented on television.Afte r all, they see them over and over. * When non-whites are shown on TV, they tend to be stereotyped. * A review of the research on gender bias shows that the gender-biased and gender-stereotyped behaviors and attitudes that kids see on television do affect how they see male and female roles in our society. * Television and movies do not often show Asians or Asian Americans, and when they do, they fail to show the diversity in Asian American culture 28. * bring down women are disproportionately represented on TV.The heavier a female character, the more negative comments were made about her 29. * In 1990s commercials, white men more often were depicted as strong, while white women were shown as sex objects. African American men more often were portrayed as aggressive and African American women, as inconsequential 30. * Ads for household items, like cleaning products, usually feature women 31. * G-rated movies are commonly viewed by younger childrenoften over and over on DVD, and perce ived by parents as safe for little kids.However, in these movies, whether live action or animated, males are shown more than females, by three to one, they are not often shown in relationships, and do not solve problems peacefully 32. * In G-movies, characters of color are under-represented, and are usually shown as sidekicks, comic relief, or bad guys. Male characters of color are more aggressive and isolated 33. * Music videos over-represent black males as aggressors, and white females as victims, compared to actual demographic info 34. To learn more, visit the spirit for Media Literacys page on Stereotyping and Representation How are children portrayed on TV? A study by a radical called Children NOW of how children are shown on local TV news, found that 35 * Almost half of all stories about children focus on crime (45%). * Children account for over a quarter of the U. S. population but only 10% of all local news stories. * African American children account for more than half of all stories (61%) involving children of color, followed by Hispanic children (32%).Asian Pacific American and Native American children are virtually invisible on local news. * African American boys are more likely than any other group to be portrayed as perpetrators of crime and violence whereas Caucasian girls are most likely to be shown as victims. Can TV affect my childs health? Yes, TV is a public health issue in several different ways. First of all, kids get divide of information about health from TV, much of it from ads. Ads do not generally give true or balanced information about healthy lifestyles and food choices.The majority of children who watch health-related commercials believe what the ads say. Second, watching lots of television can lead to childhood obesity and profound. Finally, TV can promote risky behavior, such as trying dangerous stunts, substance use and abuse, and irresponsible sexual behavior. Children who watch more TV are more likely to be overweight * U niversity of Michigan researchers found that just being awake and in the room with the TV on more than two hours a day was a risk factor for being overweight at ages three and four-and-a-half. 34 * The effects can carry on into adult weight problems.Weekend TV viewing in early childhood affects torso mass index (BMI), or overweight in adulthood. 35 * University of Michigan researchers and their colleagues who investigated whether diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior or television viewing predicted body mass index (BMI) among 3- to 7-year-old children, found that physical activity and TV viewing are most associated with overweight risk. TV was a bigger factor than diet. inertia and TV became stronger predictors as the children aged 36. * Children who watch TV are more likely to be inactive and tend to snack while watching TV. Many TV ads encourage unhealthy eating habits. Two-thirds of the 20,000 TV ads an average child sees each year are for food and most are for high-sugar foods. After-school TV ads target children with ads for unhealthy foods and beverages, like fast food and sugary drinks 37, 38. * All television shows, even educational non-commercial shows, replace physical activity in your childs life. * While watching TV, the metabolic rate seems to go even lower than during rest 39. This means that a person would burn fewer calories while watching TV than when just sitting quietly, doing nothing. The food and beverage industry targets children with their television marketing, which may include commercials, product placement, and character licensing. Most of the products pushed on kids are high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients 40. * Children watching Spanish-language TV after school and in the evening see lots of ads for food and drink. Much of it targets kids and most of the ads are for unhealthy foods like sugared drinks and fast food. This advertising may play a role in the high risk of overweight in Latino kids 40a. Results from recent studies have reported success in reducing excess weight gain in preadolescents by restricting TV viewing 41. puerility TV habits are a risk factor for many adult health problems * One study looked at adults at age 26, and how much TV they had watched as children. Researchers found that 17% of overweight, 15% of raised serum cholesterol, 17% of smoking, and 15% of poor fitness can be attributed to watching television for more than 2 hours a day during childhood and adolescence. This was after controlling for confounding variables 42. Children may attempt to mimic stunts seen on TV Injuries are the leading cause of death in children, and watching unsafe behavior on TV may increase childrens risk-taking behavior. * Kids have been injured trying to repeat dangerous stunts they have seen on television shows. * Many kids watch TV sporting events. Researchers surveyed TV sports event ads to assess what kids might be seeing. Almost half of all commercial breaks dur ing sporting events contained at least one ad that showed unsafe behavior or violence 43. Watching TV can cause sleep problems * Television viewing is associated with altered sleep patterns and sleep disorders among children and adolescents. Regular sleep schedules are an important part of healthy sleep. A recent study found that infants and toddlers who watch TV have more irregular sleep schedules. More research is needed to find out whether the TV viewing is the cause 44. * Those sleep disturbances may persist. Teens who watched three or more hours of TV per day had higher risk of sleep problems by early adulthood 45. * Find out more in this research brief from the Kaiser Family Foundation Childrens Media Use and Sleep Problems Issues and Unanswered Questions. TV viewing may promote alcoholic drink use The presence of alcohol on TV runs the gamut from drinking or talking about drinking on prime-time shows, to beer ads, to logos displayed at sporting events. * Many studies have sh own that alcoholic drinks are the most common beverage portrayed on TV, and that they are almost never shown in a negative light. * Recent studies have shown that exposure to drinking in movies increases the likelihood that viewers themselves will have positive thoughts about drinking 45a. * alcohol has damaging effects on young peoples developing brainsand the damage can be permanent.TV ads are a major factor in normalizing alcohol use in the minds of children, adolescents and college students 46. * Ads for alcohol portray people as being happier, sexier, and more successful when they drink. Alcohol advertising, including TV ads, contributes to an increase in drinking among youth 47. * Television ads for alcohol, such as alcopop, which combine the tasty taste of soda pop in a liquor-branded malt beverage, may target youth, especially girls and Hispanic and African American kids 47a. The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) at Georgetown University found that in 2003, the top 15 prime time programs most popular with teens all had alcohol ads 48. * Alcohol is increasingly advertised during programs that young people are more likely to watch than people of legal drinking age 49. Kids who watch TV are more likely to smoke * Even though baccy ads are banned on TV, young people still see people smoking on programs and movies shown on television. The tobacco industry uses product placement in films.Smoking in movies increased throughout the 1990s 50 . * Internal tobacco industry documents show that the tobacco industry purposefully markets their product to youth. The industry uses subtle strategies like logos at sporting events, product placement, and celebrities smoking to get around the ban on TV advertising for their products 51 . * Kids who watch more TV start smoking at an earlier age. The relationship between television viewing and age of scratch smoking was stronger than that of peer smoking, parental smoking, and gender 52. Recent research has sh own that exposure to smoking in movie characters increases the likelihood that viewers will associate themselves with smoking 52a. * Find out more about kids and tobacco. Kids get lots of information about sexuality from television * Most parents dont talk to their kids about sex and relationships, yield control and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Most schools do not offer complete sex education programs. So kids get much of their information about sex from TV. * Kids are probably not learning what their parents would like them to learn about sex from TV. * Sexual content is a real presence on TV.Soap operas, music videos, prime time shows and advertisements all contain lots of sexual content, but usually nothing about contraception or safer sex. * The number of sex scenes on TV has nearly doubled since 1998, with 70% of the top 20 most-watched shows by teens including sexual content 53. Fifteen percent of scenes with sexual intercourse depict characters that have just met ha ving sex. Of the shows with sexual content, an average of five scenes per hour involves sex. * Watching sex on TV increases the chances a teen will have sex, and may cause teens to start having sex at younger ages.Even viewing shows with characters talking about sex increases the likelihood of sexual initiation 54. (Read more about this study. ) * Watching sexual content on TV is linked to becoming pregnant or being responsible for a pregnancy. Researchers found that even after controlling for other risk factors, the chance of teen pregnancy went up with more exposure to sex on television 55. * On the flip side, TV has the emf to both educate teens, and foster discussion with parents. Watch with your kids, and use the sexual content on TV as a jumping-off point to talk with your teen about sex, responsible behavior and safety. To find out more, read * The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Parent Page on Sex, the Media and Your Child * The AAP s policy statement on Sexuality, Con traception and the Media How can I find out more about kids and TV? Here are some websites with helpful information * The lustrous Parents Guide to Kids TVfrom the AAP. * Guia para Ver la Television en Familia, a Spanish publication from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). * Guidelines for Rating Childrens Television, a guideline from PBS Ready To Learn. * Pautas para la evaluacion de los programas de television para ninos, the above guideline, in Spanish. Special issues for young children (2-11 years) and Special issues for teens address some developmental issues. * Talking with kids about the news10 tips for parents. * The Federal Communication Commissions (FCC) page on childrens educational TV. Visit these related topics on YourChild * Managing Television Tips for Your Family * Media and Media Literacy * Video Games * The Internet * Obesity * Sleep Problems * Reading What are some organizations that work on issues around kids and TV? * The Center for Media Liter acy believes in empowerment through educationthat kids need to learn how to think critically about TV and other media. Media Awareness Network is a Canadian group with a wealth of information for parents. * The Center for Screentime Awareness sponsors National TV Turn-Off Week each year. Future TV Turn-Off Weeks are in Spring and Fall April 19-25, 2010 & September 19-25, 2010. TV-Turnoff Week is supported by over 70 national organizations including the American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, National Education Association, and Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. References Written and compiled by Kyla Boyse, RN. Reviewed by Brad Bushman, PhD

Protein Characterization by Electrophoresis

EXPERIMENT NO. 15 PROTEIN CHARACTERIZATION BY ELECTROPHORESIS Abstract The molecular weights of protein extracts were assessed by atomic number 11 dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gelatinatineatine electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Two brands of quaternion protein strains, standard bovine serum albumin (BSA), invertase, egg albumin, and casein, were prepared one set containing ? -mercaptoethanol (BME) while the other did not. These were thusly analyzed through SDS-PAGE with 12. 5% answer gel, prepared using 2 M Tris-HCl at pH 8. 8 and stacking gel, prepared using 0. 0625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. . Results showed twofold bands located on the upper half of the gel, which suggested heterogeneity of the categorisation and that the samples were heavy molecules. Introduction Proteins are biological macromolecules composed of one or more polypeptides, which are polymers of amino acids. structurally diverse, these molecules also serve a myriad of functions from enzymes, which are the bio logical catalysts of many physiological defendions, to components that maintain the structural integrity and organization of cells (Pratt and Cornelly, 2011).Because of this, it has been a constant political campaign among chemists to extract and isolate proteins to determine the mechanisms by which they act and produce the results of their reactions. Further knowledge of their biological action could translate into the discovery of many resources that could facilitate earthly concern and other species daily lives. Electrophoresis is an analytical tool through which one can examine the battlefront of charged molecules in an galvanising field. Many advance(a) electrophoretic techniques use a polymerized gel-like matrix as a support medium.The molecules migration is dependent on the applied voltaic field, the rigid, mazelike matrix of the gel support, and their size, shape, charge, and chemical composition. The movement of a charged molecule in an electric field is given by v= Eq? f (1) where v is the velocity of the molecule, E is the electric field magnitude, q is the net charge of the molecule, and f is a frictional coefficient dependent on mass and shape of the molecule. Hence, it is observed that under a constant electric field magnitude, the movement is dependent on the charge-to-mass ratio of the molecule.Since each molecule is expected to switch unique charges and sizes, their mobility under the electric field would also be different. Gels utilise in electrophoresis with different pore size may be produced by using different concentrations of cross-linking agents. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) allows enhanced solving of sample components due to separation based on molecular sieving and electrophoretic mobility. Because of the presence of a continuous network of pores in the gel, large molecules do not move easily through the medium compared to smaller ones.Two types of gels are used the resolving and stacking gels, each having diffe rent concentrations of acrylamide and of different pH and ionic strengths. The denaturants atomic number 11 dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a detergent, and ? -mercaptoethanol (BME), a reducing agent, are frequently used in PAGE. The action of these two denaturating agents cause the production of polypeptide chains of constant charge-to-mass ratios and same shapes due to the SDS molecules binding with the hydrophobic regions of the denatured polypeptide and masking the native charge of the protein by its negative charge.This restriction, coupled with the fact that mobility of the SDS-protein complexes are based on molecular size, forms the basis of the electrophoretic determination of purity and molecular weight (Boyer, 1993). This experiment will utilize SDS-PAGE to assess the molecular weights of the extracted proteins invertase, albumin, and casein, along with standard bovine serum albumin. The effect of the presence of ? -mercaptoethanol was also investigated. Methodology With the tri pe plates clean, the gel apparatus was first set up with the comb inserted betwixt the glass plates.It was made sure as shooting of that the set-up would not leak by allowing a little amount of distilled water to enter it, which was discarded afterwards. A mark, one centimeter below the teeth of the comb, was pose on the glass plate. The resolving gel, at 12. 5% gel, was then prepared in an Erlenmeyer flask. Using a micropipette, 1450 ? L of 40% stock acrylamide, 775 ? L of 2% stock bisacrylamide, 875 ? L of 2 M Tris-HCl at pH 8. 8, and 1500 ? L of distilled water were measured and mixed in the Erlenmeyer flask. Afterwards, 47 ? L of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 40 ?L of freshly prepared 10% ammonium ion persulfate (APS) were added to the mixture. Then, ten microliters (10 ? L) of tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was added and, after mixing it by swirling not more than three times, the mixture was poured into the gel apparatus with the aid of a micropipette up to the m ark. The gel was then overlaid with a small amount of isobutanol-water mixture before it would start to harden. After the gel has completely polymerized, the isobutanol mixture was removed from the apparatus. Two pairs of two resolving gels were prepared as one pair would be used for samples containing ? mercaptoethanol and another pair for those that do not contain the said chemical. The stacking gel was prepared by taking 265 ? L of 40% stock acrylamide, 140 ? L of 2% stock bisacrylamide, 350 ? L of 0. 625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. 8, and 940 ? L of distilled water and mixing all four in an Erlenmeyer flask. Afterwards, 25 ? L of 10% SDS and 60 ? L of 10% APS were added to the one in the flask. Immediately before the solution was added, 5 ? L of TEMED was added to it and swirled not more than three times, similar to that done with the resolving gel.This mixture was then rapidly transferred by a micropipette over the resolving gel and, after placing the comb over it, left to harden. The samples were prepared by getting 100 ? L of the protein sample, 20 ? L of distilled water, and 80 ? L of loading weaken with ? -mercaptoethanol in plastic tubes for the electrophoresis of the samples containing ? -mercaptoethanol. For those samples not containing the latter reagent, 80 ? L of the loading buffer was added. The same procedure was done for 100 ? L of bovine serum albumin.These were then placed in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes after which these were immediately immersed in an ice water bath for 3 minutes. The protein samples used were invertase, albumin, and casein. The loading buffer was prepared by mixing 2. 5 mL of 10% SDS, 2. 5 mL of 0. 625 M Tris-HCl at pH 6. 8, 2. 5 mL of 10% glycerol, and 5. 0 g of 0. 02% bromophenol mettlesome, and diluting to 25 mL with distilled deionized water. eight tubes were done all-in-all. The gel slabs were then placed in the gel chamber. The gel chambers were then filled with gel running buffer, making sure that the gel was co mpletely immersed.This buffer was prepared by mixing 3. 0 g Tris base, 14. 4 g genus Glycine and 1. 0 g SDS, and diluting to 1 L with distilled deionized water.. The set-up was then placed on a level surface. At this point, the comb was removed in one fluid motion to ensure that the wells would have peachy edges. Ten microliters (10 ? L) of the samples with ? -mercaptoethanol was loaded into the wells using a micropipette. With the voltage set at 100 V and the protective electrode covering placed over the set-up, the gel was run until the dye reaches a level of 1 cm above the bottom of the gel slab.This was done a light upon for those samples without the ? -mercaptoethanol. After the gels have been run, the gel slabs were transferred from the glass plates to a flat-bottom container where a small amount of staining solution was added until the slabs were completely immersed. This solution was prepared by mixing 50 mL of methanol, 10 mL of glacial acetic acid, and 0. 25 mg of Coomass ie Brilliant Blue R250, and diluting to 100 mL with distilled deionized water. After that, the background staining was removed by several(prenominal) washings of destaining solution.This solution was prepared by mixing 25 mL of 95% ethanol and 5 mL of glacial acetic acid, and diluting to 100 mL with distilled deionized water. Results and intervention Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) served as an effective tool in the characterization of protein standards and extracts because of the gels high resolving power for molecules up to 106 Da, accommodation of bigger sized samples, an inert enough matrix with respect to the migrating entities, and physical stability of the matrix (Boyer, 1993).Polyacrylamide gels were prepared by the catalyzed and cross-linked polymerization of the acrylamide-bisacrylamide mixture. The polymerization reaction was facilitated by ammonium persulfate (APS), the polymerizing agent, due to its inherent instability and, hence, its tendency to decay and t o give rise to molecules initiating these polymerization. Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was introduced to catalyze the decay of APS. Figure 1 presents the general equation for the polymerization reaction of the acrylamide-bisacrylamide mixture (Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011). Figure 1.The polymerization reaction of the Acrylamide-bisacrylamide in the presence of ammonium persulfate and TEMED as the polymerizing agent and the catalyst respectively (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011) Polymerization proceeded with the opening of an acrylamide double bond, allowing it to react with another acrylamide to produce a linear polyacrylamide. Cross links were generated through the incorporation of bisacrylamide into the linear polyacrylamides. Since molecular oxygen would react with the free radical sulfate ions (SO42-) thereby inhibiting polymerization, degassing was necessary.Furthermore, the tendency of molecular oxygen to react with SO42- would also be the reason why it would be neces sary for PAGE gels to be poured into tubes or between glass plates instead of horizontal apparatuses. However, the degassing step was not done due to the unavailability of a degassing chamber. Isobutanol was added on top of the gel to also prevent the submission and accumulation of O2 (Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011). Gel pore size is inversely proportional to the concentration of acrylamide.Therefore, to generate a broad and efficient range of protein separation, a discontinuous gel system was formulated, having a low acrylamide content on top and a high acrylamide content at the bottom. The capability of Tris-HCl to facilitate the propagation of electric latest through the matrix qualified it as an appropriate loading buffer. It allowed the proteins to be drawn by the current through the sieving matrix slab (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011). The polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses set-up had three beta features. First, a stacking gel was cast over a resolving gel.Second, the t wo gel layers had different ionic strengths and pH. Third, the stacking gel had a lower acrylamide concentration and a lower pH. These conditions allowed the protein molecules to first concentrate into a tight band before entering the resolving solution. In this experiment in particular, the charge of the protein was kept consistent all throughout using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a powerful detergent that would denature the protein and would leave it evenly negatively charged. Also, ? -mercaptoethanol was added to cleave the disulfide bonds, enforcing completely break up secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures.Prior to the loading of the sample, the discontinuous gel system was immersed in a glycine-Tris buffer prepared at pH 8. 8. At this pH, the two form of glycine its Zwitterion ion and glycinate would exist in equilibrium. H3N+CH2COO- H2NCH2COO- + H+(2) When the voltage was turned on, the entry of buffer ions (glycinate and H+) to the stacking gel (pH 6. 8) shifte d the equilibrium to the left, increasing the concentration of glycines Zwitterion ion, which would have a zero net charge, and therefore, would be electrophoretically immobile. Since the protein molecules would still be anionic at pH 6. , they would replace the nonmobile glycine molecules in order to keep the current running. As such, the relative mobilities of the ions in the stacking gel would be Tris base protein sample glycinate. Furthermore, the thin band observed in the upper gel would actually consult to the protein molecules sandwiched between the Tris-base and the glycinate ions. The resolving gel, on the other hand, had a pH of 8. 8. When the ionic front reached it, the equilibrium of glycine species shifted to the right. The increase in pH and decrease in pore size retarded the movement of proteins and rendered the glycinate ions greater mobility.The relative rates of movement then became Tris-base glycinate ions protein samples. From there, it was the mass of the p rotein molecules that governed their mobility and thus identified them (Boyer, 1993). For qualitative analysis of results, the Coomassie vivid blue dye (R-250), being the most popular staining reagent for the electrophoresis of protein samples, was used. Its mechanism of binding to the basic and hydrophobic groups of proteins manifested in the dull, reddish-brown to intense blue color change of the solutions.The staining method was started with the water wash of the gel cast to remove the electrophoresis buffers from the matrix. The matrix was then washed with methanol followed by glacial acetic acid to prevent the diffusion of protein bands form the matrix. The treatment with the dye followed. Lastly, destaining measures were employed to get rid of excess dye from the background gel matrix. This would allow a clear visualization of the bands that had formed (Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011). Figures 2 and 3 are photographs of the two gels after incubation and subjection to the dye. Figure 2. Photograph of initiative gelFigure 3. Photograph of 2nd gel In figure 2, multiple bands existed. This could suggest that the samples had other components. These could come in the form of other proteins, contaminants, or other impurities. Nonetheless, any of these possibilities suggest one thing the sample is not pure although there are occasional times when homogeneous samples result to multiple bands due to degradation during the electrophoresis procedure (Boyer, 1993). Also, the identity of the proteins could have been determined if there were standards or markings to compare these bands with. However, there were none.The only information that could be extracted from the photographs could be that the proteins in the samples were heavy that they were only located on the upper half of the gel. Conclusion The separation of biomolecules according to charge, size, and shape through electrophoresis could give crucial information such as the purity, molecular weight, and, he nce, the identity of the biomolecule. In this experiment, the multiple bands produced in the gel set-ups suggested that the samples were heterogeneous. Their location in the gel suggested that the proteins were relatively heavy ones. To gain more valuable information rom these data, it is recommended that a set of standard solutions be also run on the gel so that they could be used as references for the identification of the proteins in the samples. Also, the proteins exact molecular size could be determined by preparing a calibration curve from a set of standard solutions of proteins, with of course, known concentration. The curve should be a plot of the logarithm of the molecular weight of the protein versus its mobility in the gel matrix. From this curve, the molecular weight of the protein in the sample solutions could be extrapolated. References 1. Boyer, Rodney.Modern Experimental Biochemistry. Third Edition. San Francisco, USA Benjamin/Cummings, 1993. Scribd. Web. 29 November 2011. 2. Encor Biotechnology, Inc. SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Encor Biotechnology, Inc. Protocols. Encor Biotechnology, Inc. , 2011. Web. 30 November 2011 http//www. encorbio. com/protocols/SDS-PAGE. htm. 3. Thermo Scientific, Inc. SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Thermo Scientific, Inc. Protein Methods Library. Thermo Scientific, Inc. , 2011. Web. 30 November 2011 http//www. piercenet. com/browse. cfm? fldID=21518847-2D72-475F-A5B9-B236EC5B641E .

School Policy – Behaviour

Research evidence suggests that pupils behavior can be influenced by all the major features and processes of a teach. These include the quality of its leadership, classroom management, behaviour insurance, curriculum, pastoral c be, buildings and physical environment, organisation and timetable and relationships with p atomic number 18nts. (Elton Report, DES, 1989) The secondary education issue I engage chosen to focus on for this presentation is Whole tutor deportment Policies and how such(prenominal) policies can influence the teaching method and learning experiences in school through the purpose of sanctions and rewards.I chose this area to focus on because, as a student teacher on a teaching placement, behaviour in schools is one of my biggest concerns and also because, according to the Elton Report and other literature I surrender read, it appears that this is a major area of concern throughout secondary schools in the UK. The Elton Report, a national enquiry into disci pline in schools, was established by the monument of State for Education and Science in March 1989 in response to concern about the problems facing the teaching profession.Their task was to recommend action to the government, topical anesthetic authorities, voluntary bodies, governors, headteachers, teachers and parents aimed at improving behaviour in schools for effective teaching and learning to take place. (Elton Report, DES, 1989) The Elton Report has formed the innovation of much of the electric current legislation on school behavioural policies and passs guidance for schools in drawing up their own behaviour policies.The main findings and recommendations of the Elton Report can be summarised in the following points (Teachernet, 2008) Schools should adopt a whole-school approach to their behaviour policies and the teachers approach should be one of consistency and fairness Schools should have a blow over vision for managing behaviour through establishing uninfected rules and boundaries, with emphasis on the corroboratory. All must adhere to policy principles, and teachers should model behaviour and interactions in a positive and supportive way. Boundaries should be made clear and sanctions should be in place, nevertheless the emphasis is on praise and rewarding good behaviour. All staff should choose that the quality of teaching and learning has a significant impact on pupils behaviour A schools central purpose is that children should learn. Good behaviour makes effective teaching and learning possible. Bad behaviour disrupts these processes. (Elton Report, DES, 1989) In September 2003, the governments Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) launched the Behaviour and Attendance strand of the Key Stage 3 Strategy.This political platform aims to provide advice, support and training for all secondary schools in England to promote positive behaviour and tackle issues of low-level disruption. It recommends that senior leadership team s in schools pull up stakes carry out audits of behaviour and attendance and, from these, depart establish priorities for the whole school. They will then plan actions to further improve their policy and practice and will draw up training plans for their staff. (Behaviour4learning, 2008) At my year one placement school I witnessed these recommendations put into practise in the classroom through the writ of execution of the schools Behaviour Policy.The placement school is a mixed comprehensive school in the London borough of Tower Hamlets. The head teachers perception of the schools catchment area is that it is a predominantly souring class area of London with high levels of poverty and unemployment. According to the schools latest Ofsted inspection report the number of pupils who are registered SEN (Special Educational Needs) is above the national average. Although not all special needs are connected to behaviour, it is by and large acknowledged that if a child finds learning ve ry difficult it is possible that incidents of poor behaviour can occur. Cowley, 2006) The school has a behaviour policy in place and, by adhering to it, aims to promote a positive learning and teaching community for staff and pupils. (Swanlea School Behaviour Policy) The main aims, as summarised in the policy, are To ensure that behaviour is a whole school responsibility To ensure that rewards and sanctions procedures are applied fairly and consistently To foster compassion and tolerance, celebrate qualify and develop a sense of citizenship and care for the whole community and environment To enable all pupils, ir think ofive of race, class, gender and ability, to achieve their personal best. Swanlea School Behaviour Policy) The policy also sets out the rights of staff and students, which are summarised as Every student has the right to learn at his or her optimum rate, without being hindered by others Every student has the right to live each day in school without fear. Bullying, threatening behaviour, racial or sexual harassment and damage to shoes will not be tolerated. All staff have the right to go about their work without being hampered (Swanlea School Behaviour Policy)This reflects a clear alignment with research by Cowley (2006) who states that Different types of school have very different and specific behavioural problems, and i wieldly the whole-school behaviour policy should be cerebrate closely to the particular difficulties your school faces. (Cowley, 2006, p172) The schools behaviour policy is clearly in place to create a positive environment for pupils but it is also there for the benefit of teachers and staff to create a positive working environment and enable the teacher to effectively teach without disturbance. Its historic to keep in mind that the reason we need to manage behaviour at all is so that we can actually get on with teaching. (Cowley, 2006, p96) The policy was established by the head teacher, deputies and heads of department together with the behaviour support team. It is managed by the deputy head teacher and is reviewed each term, through consultations with heads of department and the behaviour support team, at designated Behavioural Policy Review meetings.These meeting allow for changes to be made if the policy appears to be ineffective and, for example, if incidents of uncool behaviour have increased. In order to check the effectiveness of the policy, the deputy head teacher analyses data, in the form of exclusion rates, details of incidents of bullying and racist abuse and the use of sanctions and rewards. All of the schools staff, including teachers and support staff, are responsible for ensuring that the behaviour policy and procedures are followed and applied.This guidance framework has made it easier for staff to respond to incidents of bad and good behaviour consistently and fairly and for all students to be made aware of the policy. As recommended in research by Rogers (2006) When schools h ave a usual framework for classroom behaviour agreements, each successive year group becomes increasingly conscious of the way we do things here. This enables some sense of public understandings and expectations about appropriate and fair behaviour and also some reasonable consistency in behaviour management by adults across the school. (Rogers, 2006, p46) The behaviour policy states that all staff are expected to model the high standards of behaviour and punctuality expected of pupils. Form tutors are also expected to support and go on individual pupils through praise, positive reinforcement and contact with parents. The policy also advises that form teachers are directly involved with low level behaviour issues, such as addressing school uniform issues. The school believes that maintaining a level of consistency across all staff and department, with regards to the behaviour policy, ensures that all pupils are aware of its contents.This is in line with Rogers (1995) and Cowleys (2006) findings, who say that a whole-school behaviour policy is effective when it- Is created in conjunction with all the staff undergoes a continuous process of change is consistently applied All pupils at the school carry a travelling diary to lessons in which homework and behavioural issues such as lateness are monitored and recorded. The travelling diary contains a summary of the schools behaviour policy and expectations further ensuring that the students are aware of the policy contents.Assemblies on the theme of respect and behaviour are also delivered to the pupils on a regular basis. The behaviour policy is well constructed and understood by most students and applied evenly by all staff. (Ofsted, 2007) The school has in place a system of sanctions and rewards to deal with negative and positive behaviour respectively. Depending on the severity of the negative behaviour in the school, the sanctions range from a verbal telling off to the child being placed in the schools iso lation unit. Sanctions are there to offer corrective measures to indicate to the perpetrator that the displayed behaviour is not acceptable and provide and opportunity for the individual to redeem him/her self. (Swanlea School Behaviour Policy) The behaviour policy states that the school aims to support a positive learning environment for students through the use of rewards for good behaviour. This ranges from praise from the teacher to formal awards and prizes at the schools one-year awards ceremony and during assemblies. This in reflected by Cowley (2006) who says Using rewards is one of the most effective ways of getting better behaviour. This will help you maintain a positive focus and atmosphere in your classroom. (Cowley, 2006, p81) However, it is challenged by Kyriacou (1998) who argues that it is effective teaching not rewards that create better behaviour. The most important point to bear in mind in considering discipline is that creating the necessary order is more to do with the skills involved in effective teaching in general than it is to do with how you deal with pupil misbehaviour itself. (Kyriacou, 1998, p79) To sum up, from classroom observations at my placement school I frequently observed incidents of students bad behaviour and how these incidents were dealt with in the design and engine room department. It was apparent that the design and technology department, like the rest of the school, is closely following the guidance in the behaviour policy and is very efficient at traffic with bad behaviour. This appears to have a positive impact on the school in that it creates a safe environment for the pupils.However, on a daily basis I observed poorly behaved children being given break time detentions and several children receiving the ultimate sanction of the isolation unit. While this appears to be effective in that it creates an ordered classroom environment for teaching and learning to take place, I frequently observed the well behaved pu pils going un-noticed in the schools efforts to bid out bad behaviour. .We can get trapped into giving lots of rewards to our tricky students, to keep them onside and get them to co-operate.But dont overlook those children who work hard all the time they deserve to receive recognition for their efforts as well. (Cowley, 2006, p83) This suggests that their behaviour policy is not working as effectively as it could and that a solution could be to have, embedded in the behaviour policy, a system of rewarding good behaviour and recognising hard working children, as well as responding to the students bad behaviour. References Cowley, S. 2006), Getting the Buggers to Behave, Continuum International Publishing Group, London HMSO (1989) The Elton Report Enquiry into Discipline in Schools, Her Majestys Stationery Office, London Kyriacou, C (1998), Essential Teaching Skills, Nelson Thornes Ltd, Cheltenham Laslett, R and Smith, C (1984) Effective Classroom Management, Croom Helm Ltd, Kent R ogers, B (2006) Classroom Behaviour A Practical Guide for Effective Teaching, Behaviour Management and Colleague Support, capital of Minnesota Chapman Publishing, London Rogers, B (1995) Behaviour Management A Whole-School Approach, Scholastic Australia, Gosford Swanlea School Behaviour Policy, London Web references Behaviour4Learning. Accessed 20. 11. 08 www. behaviour4learning. ac. uk Department for Children, Schools and Families. Accessed 20. 11. 08 www. standards. dfes. gov. uk Office for Standards in Education. Accessed 20. 11. 08 www. ofsted. gov. uk Teachernet. Accessed 20. 11. 08 www. teachernet. gov. uk

We grieve that the innocent have suffered but we are satisfied that evil has been defeated

In the play Othello by William Shakespe be it could be said that in the end, despite the killing of Desdemona, Othello and Emilia that, we grieve that the vindicated have suffered but we are satisfied that infernal has been defeated, but to what expiration is this actually sure?There is no doubt that Othello is full of the suffering of artlessness. None more so than the suffering of Desdemona who chiffonier be described in no other way than pure and virtuous. At no betoken in the play can it be said that she shows anything other than these qualities and there really can be no justification for the fate that befalls her. She is indeed perfection, which is stated by Cassio, is the perfect description of this woman and notwithstanding she arguably suffers most in spite of appearance the text. Not only is her integrity questioned, the man she loves and has given her soul to, denounces her as a whore and a strumpet and in the end murders her.There is no doubt either that Othello suffers within the play. He is driven to kill Desdemona, the woman he loves, due to the notion that she has lied, cheated and is ultimately a lustful adulteress.His innocence however, could be questioned. The only proof that Desdemona has done the things she had been accused of is that which is in Othellos imagination. He never really has any real proof, just suggestions. It is in fact his jealousy and imagination that makes him believe that Desdemona is an adulteress. Withtaboo his jealous tendencies, the seed of suspicion could never have been planted. As well as the circumstances it is a personal failing within Othello himself that leads to the murder of his wife and so therefore he is not comp permitely innocent in his suffering, or that of Desdemona.Despite Othellos already jealous personality playing an important role in the events, it cannot be denied that Iago is the example who initiates, and through exploiting Othellos jealous nature and the naivety of Desdemona, brings about the suffering of all. The blame, to a great extent, lies with Iago. His character is nasty, rude and disrespectful. This is shown in the scene where he encourages Roderigo to inform Brabantio (Desdemonas father) of her where abouts. He says, an old black ram, is tupping your white ewe, which is an altogether harsh and animalistic way to describe the act of love making between two people who are clearly in love.He again uses a vulgar description of the pair when he says, your lady friend covered with a Barbary horse. Despite talking about Othello in this derogatory way he pretends to be his friend throughout the play. He clearly states that I follow him to serve my turn upon him and I must(prenominal) show out a flag and sign of love, which is indeed but a sign, which shows his vindictive and sharp nature. Although he pretends to be a friend to Othello, he is actually only doing it in order to let him suggest that his wife isnt the women he thought she was. With this in mi nd, the most truthful words that Iago says are, I am not what I am.Iago never actually does anything, he doesnt kill or hurt anyone physically and moreover he undoubtedly lies behind the suffering within the play. This makes what hes doing all the more sinister. His lousiness nature is real and so when he is found out at the end of the play it could be said that evil has been defeated. However, Iagos true colours being shown and him being punished hasnt stopped him doing what he set out to. He has after all still made Othello suffer significantly and in turn got his revenge.In termination I feel that although it is true that innocence has suffered a great deal throughout the play, the fact that Othello vie a role in his own suffering cannot be over looked. Nor can the question of to what extent he really was innocent in the whole scenario. In addition to this there is the question of, has evil (Iago) really been defeated? I dont believe that it has, as in my opinion, evil has d one what it set out to do and has in fact won.

Mental Health and Psychotropic Drugs Essay

In the last 30 years, the number of patients diagnosed with depression has doubled. (doubled from what? What percentage) The sharp increase in these diagnoses is due to the fact that the medical community has blurry the distinction between everyday unhappiness and clinical depression. (what percentage or numbers are you getting the 40% from? The use of Psychotropic medication in depressed patients has increased in the United States by more than 40 percent over the last decade. (you have a website but what is the website for? ) (http//find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/ovrc/retrieve. do? subjectParam=Local) The spate of the increase can be accounted for by the aggressive use of SSRIs (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) in patients. It is the class of doses that includes Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil.The question is Are more Americans clinically depressed now than in the past, or has medical science started to treat the far more common experience of everyday unh appiness is this a quote from someone or from you? with medication, thereby increasing the number of drug prescriptions? A Psychoactive drug or Psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous arranging where it alters brain functions, resulting in perception, mood, consciousness, and behavior.These drugs may be used recreationally to purposefully alter ones consciousness, as entheogens for ritual or spiritual purposes, as a tool for studying or augmenting the mind or therapeutically as medication. (www. Wikipedia. org ). (Is this whole paragraph a quote? If so, it needs to be centered and in quotation marks. ) For example On January 22,2008, acclaimed Australian actor, Heath Ledger, died from an accidental overdose of six types of prescribed painkillers and sedatives.Ellen Borakone, translator for the New York Medical Examiners office, said the cause of death was acute intoxication by combined effects of oxycodone, hydrocodone, diazepam Valium, temazepam Restoril, alprazolam Xanax and doxylamine. Valium, Restoril and Xanax are benzodiazepines or tranquilizers/sedatives. The U. S. medicate Enforcement Administration (DEA) launched an investigation into how Mr. Ledger acquired the prescription drugs that killed him. (Why did you use this example? The usage of this example is in a incorrect location of the essay) A year earlier, on February

Footbinding in China Essay

Fashion and array has been part of glossinesss through out the world. Many cultures distinguish themselves from early(a) cultures through their clothing. Since the beginning of time, masses engender been known to tolerate three basic needs. These be food, clothing and shelter. Clothing has evolved from just plain bundles of leaves to cover the sensitive areas of a psyche to sophisticated dresses today. Clothing plays a big role in cultures and it in any case gives distinction to people with power or its social status.The social norm we own even in the ancient clock is that wo hands are inclined to be conscious of their fashion and clothing duration men are slight inclined to theses kinds of interests. Cloths have been used to showcase the prestige and wealth of people. In the ancients times, the chief of ancient villages burst the most extravagant and exotic cloths. The Chineses emperor wore cloths made from the finest fabrics and most expensive materials in the worl d. That world utter, nobility in the European regions also wore cloths with distinct designs as signs of their power and wealth.The importance of clothing involves also the engagement of sexes. Women are thought to be cautious of their dresses or clothing. The feminine gender has been said to be the fashionable of the two sexes. According to Jennifer Craik, author of a book regarding fashion, Women are fashionable except men are not. Men on the other hand are more centralize on the procurement of money and power. In medieval times, men used to be the ones doing business, finding jobs for their family and providing for the household. Women in return were domesticated and lived lives in service of their husbands.The value of clothing as a commodity is very much times the one we see. Clothing provides more than just a need but it is also a part of our lifestyles. Clothing can give us non-homogeneous information. It can tell you if a persons mood, personality and social status. People who are not that rich often dont carry extravagant expensive cloths. People who are in big businesses and are rich wear nice and more expensive cloths. Ladies who are in the mood to have fun and mingle with men would wear revealing and voluptuous dresses.Women who are not in the mood to have fun would sort of wear plain clothing that does not attract that big attention. Clothing plays big roles in various cultures. In mainland mainland China, there used to be a famous practice among Chinese families. In surrounded by the 10th century to the early twentieth century the Chinese culture has a practice that twisting little girls aged 4-7 to undergo a ritual called tail end ski binding. The goal of the practice is to achieve a white lotus alkali. Lotus home is deformed foot in which foot binding was done. The perish or origin of foot binding has no clear historical text that explains its beginnings.Stories from historians believe that a certain prince in the Tang dynas ty had a concubine with little feet and it became a trend among people in that time to have bitty feet. Tang dynasty was famous for their dancers who had small feet. The practice was famous among the grittyer menage societies in the Qing dynasty. galore(postnominal) women in China did not bind their feet due to ethnic and class barriers. It remained primarily an elite upper-class until the eighteenth and nineteenth century (Ko, 2002, p. 12). The foot binding practice is done by wrapping the childs feet until she is at an age of late adolescent.The feet are wrapped s puckish that it will not allow the feet to grow over 6 inches in length. The result of this practice is ageless damage the feet of women who underwent the ritual. The foot is prone to infection and diseases. In the process of foot binding, the foot usually gets fractured and deformed. Women that were footbinded would pass in a manner where they would sway in a particular form while walkway since they have deform ed feet. The Chinese cultured was said to see this kind of walk as sexy and erotic. They call this kind of walk lotus gait.The reason for foot binding is always a question even historians cant give a definite answer. Some people reckon this practice is done to make sure the women who are subjected to footbinding will be forever dependent to their family or husband. We should also take note that the Chinese culture is famous for arranged marriage. This means that the family of the male usually buys or arranges the marriage of heir son to a girl even before they reached adolescent. The practice could hold still for the dependency and submission of the girl to her husband.For some who practices this kind of ritual, it is also a sign of chastity in the part of the girl. The main question now is if this kind of practice is a turn on and familiar fetich or not at all. Based on historical context, the Chinese culture in ancient times valued males over females. Emperors, traders, educat ed citizen etc were always males. Females were viewed as their intimate object and barely left at home to be housewives. The male dominated society of China sees footbinding as a form of foot fetish. Foot fetish comes in a form of submission. similar many informal fetishes, submission in Asian culture is one dominant fetish. For binding is not forced upon the female sex. In fact, it is usually parents that initiate this kind of practice so their daughter can get a good husband in the future. This practice is a kind of submission because it makes the females owned by their husbands or lover. The feet have been one of the fetishes of humanity. The shape and contour plus the fact that it is hidden make it more elicit in terms of sexual excitement. Many cultures see the feet as sexy and erotic. Foot fetish could also be the cause why footbinding started.It could be that Chinese culture in the past sees small feet and lotus gait as seductive and sexually exciting. The foot binding rit ual is a proof that the foot is also an erotic part of the body. We usually find things hidden or kept from us exciting. Like the titty and genitals, the feet of girls are also hidden most of the time. This is why footbinding is a form of eroticism and a form of foot fetish. Fetishes come in various forms in different cultures and era. It just so happens that the foot fetish in ancient chinaware used this kind of body modification to gratify their relish for foot fetish.Although many people protested even in the 10th century regarding this unnatural practice, the practice was done till the late 20th century. The practice became really popular because in the time when foot binding was rampant, husbands tend to choose girls with small feet. Mothers think that in order for their child to have husbands they have to have small feet. The only way to prevent it from growing is to bind it. In a way, it is also being sexually attractive. To further explain this, our generation today sees women who are well endowed with nice dope as more attractive.Girls who are not endowed with nice breast opt to have breast enlargement surgery to be more confident and attractive. It has always been the battle of self-esteem. Girls who are inferior in terms of sexual attractiveness will most likely marry and have a provide in life. The foot binding practice is not utmost from cosmetics surgery today. As we know, humans are sexual beings. The feet is one part of the body we seldom incorporate with sex but the truth is that many people sees the feet as erotic and arousing. Many literatures tell us how the foot can elicit sexual energy.In Qing dynasty, they had a manual in which it teaches 48 different ways of playing with the feet. This clearly shows that erotism through the feet is one of the reasons why footbinding was done. There can be many reasons why footbinding is done. Erotism, foot fetish, battle of sexual attractiveness of women, a way to ensure the future of a girl throu gh a marriage because of being sexually attractive or it can also be just culture itself. foot fetishes likens a woman with bound feet to a ballerina soaring on toes or a person exhausting a six inch heels (Ko, 2002, p10. )The fact that this kind of practice is not mandate and they are done even by parents shows that this practice starts out to be not a subservient practice in record but can turn into a form of submission subsequently on. If a man marries the girl because he is attracted sexually with her feet then it can be said that the girl submitted to the husband due to her feets attractiveness. Another way of seeing this is that footbinding would not be a fad and practice if men in china did not show any inclination to girls with small feet. Today, footbinding is almost non-existent even in china.The Manchu had a campaign against it and it was seen as a bad practice. In the 20th century, the western countries created another foot fetish kind of fad. This is the high heeled shoes. Although footbinding is not similar to wearing high heels, some of the reasons of using high heels are the same as footbindings. The similarities of these practices are that both of them are sources of foot fetish erotism . Both footbinding and high heels gives emphasis on the beauty of the feet. It makes it more erotic and sexual. draining high heels makes women stick their buttock out and walks a sexy gait.Footbinding also makes women walk in a sexy gait. The differences of these two are quite more than their similarities. In terms of period of practice, the foot fetish is practices at the 9th century to 19th century. The high heels was started at around 14th century in France. The show up and continent in which these were created was also different. It was an asian practice while the other is European or western. The permanency of wearing high heels ends after removing the shoe while footbiding is permanent. amply heel shoes does seem to have lots of negative effects on the body especially the back but it can be helped by avoiding it.Footbinding is a permanent state. The damage done to the foot is irreversible and the pain is also far more than high heels. The decision of wearing a high heeled should depend on the person while mothers are the ones who decide if their daughter will be footbinded. Footbind tends to be a submission in disposition while high heels can make women submissive or dominant in terms of nature of the wearing it. While there are similarities, footbinding and wearing high heels are different. It can be called new day footbinding in terms of its erotic appearance but the permanent damage done by footbinding to divert men is far too extreme.I would compare cosmetic surgery to footbinding more than wearing high heels. Today women undergo surgeries just to please their confidence that they are attractive to men. These practices make us realize that humans have the tendency to do extreme behaviors in terms of pleasing the othe r sex and society. In conclusion, after the removal of foot binding in china, women today in china does not need to undergo this kind of practice to be respected. They are seen to be equal to men and are starting to be a dominate proponent of social change.Women today are not anymore pressured to have small feet just to ensure men will like them. The image of women as sex object is slowly being replaced by great women who influence the Chinese society. Footbinding is part of Chinas ancient practices. It serves as a lesson that humans can do extremes things to their body just to please others. It is a part of chinas history that shows us how out world today understands and accepts that men and women are created equally and must be treated similarly. References Jackson, Beverly. Splendid slipper A Thousand years of an erotic tradition.Ten speed Press, 1997. Ko, Dorothy. Every Step a Lotus Shoes for bound feet. calcium University of California Press, 2001. Leganeur, J. J. All About We aring High Heels. 31 August 2003. East (Chinese) Footbinding vs. West (French) High Heels. 18 May 2008 . Levy, Howard S. The Lotus loversprometeus books. New York, 1992. Nosotro, R. Change over time Essay. 2000. Women in China. 18 May 2008. . Riello, Gregorio and Mcneil, Peter. Shoes. Berg, 2006.